{"id":52582,"date":"2016-09-20T07:15:12","date_gmt":"2016-09-20T11:15:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/dailyburn.com\/life\/?p=52582"},"modified":"2021-11-18T07:00:08","modified_gmt":"2021-11-18T12:00:08","slug":"evolution-womens-arms-body-image","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dailyburn.com\/life\/fitness\/evolution-womens-arms-body-image\/","title":{"rendered":"More Muscle: The Evolution of Women\u2019s Arms"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_52588\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-52588\" style=\"width: 620px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-52588 size-full\" title=\"More Muscle, Please: The Evolution of Women\u2019s Arms \" src=\"https:\/\/dailyburn.com\/life\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/09\/Womens-Arms.jpg\" alt=\"More Muscle, Please: The Evolution of Women\u2019s Arms \" width=\"620\" height=\"413\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-52588\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><em>Photo: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pond5.com\/photo\/66454561\/young-woman-doing-stretching-workout-park.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pond5<\/a><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>As we prepare to bid farewell to First Lady Michelle Obama, we will always remember her \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/letsmove.obamawhitehouse.archives.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Let\u2019s Move<\/a>\u201d campaign, her \u201cMom\u201d dance <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nbc.com\/the-tonight-show\/video\/evolution-of-mom-dancing-with-jimmy-fallon-and-michelle-obama\/2745658\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">moves<\/a> and, oh, those <a href=\"https:\/\/michelleobamaarms.tumblr.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">super-toned arms<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Surprisingly, those bare biceps\u00a0routinely <a href=\"https:\/\/articles.chicagotribune.com\/2009-02-27\/news\/0902260440_1_bare-arms-upper-arms-michelle-obama\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">made headlines<\/a> \u2014 even sparking <a href=\"https:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/GMA\/story?id=6986019&amp;page=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">controversy<\/a> in her first official photo as First Lady just eight years ago. And they made news <em>again<\/em> last year when FLOTUS finally revealed her <a href=\"https:\/\/time.com\/3890731\/michelle-obama-workout\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">workout routine<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Yet as we reflect on her legacy, it\u2019s worth noting that the First Lady has done more for female arms than showing them off in presidential sleeveless sheaths. She helped normalize them as a symbol of strength for professional women \u2014 a status usually reserved for <a href=\"https:\/\/dailyburn.com\/life\/fitness\/espnw-female-athletes-superheroes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">female athletes<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>In case you forgot that <a href=\"https:\/\/dailyburn.com\/life\/fitness\/arm-workout-bodyweight-exercises\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sculpted arms<\/a> weren\u2019t a mainstream beauty ideal until the last decade, here\u2019s a look back at the trend\u2019s evolution through the years. It might even motivate you to tick\u00a0off those <a href=\"https:\/\/dailyburn.com\/life\/fitness\/biceps-workout-triceps-arm-exercises\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">upper body workouts<\/a> with more pride and purpose.<\/p>\n<p><strong>RELATED: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/dailyburn.com\/life\/fitness\/workout-motivation-beyond-perfect-body\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">19 Reasons to Work Out (Beyond the Perfect Body)<\/a><\/p>\n<h3><strong>Wait \u2014 Fitspo Wasn\u2019t Always a Thing? <\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Take a scroll <a href=\"https:\/\/dailyburn.com\/life\/lifestyle\/fitness-best-instagrams-to-follow\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">through Instagram<\/a> and it\u2019s hard to believe there was once a time when women were encouraged <em>not<\/em> to exercise. \u201cIf we go back 100 years ago, femininity was tied to frailness, weakness and vulnerability. Think of the damsels in distress in the 1920s expecting men to swoop in and save them,\u201d explains Linda Lin, PhD, psychologist at Emmanuel College in Boston who researches how women\u2019s body image is portrayed in celebrity gossip magazines. \u201cPower, strength and muscularity were thought of as masculine traits, and gyms were for bodybuilders and athletes.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Even in the 1960s, women were warned that exercise could damage their health and cause them to stop menstruating, she says. \u201cThe prevailing myth of the time was that women\u2019s bodies couldn\u2019t handle strenuous exercise,\u201d Lin says. (Check out this eye-opening BuzzFeed video to see how the feminine beauty ideal has changed over time: \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.buzzfeed.com\/eugeneyang\/womens-ideal-body-types-throughout-history?utm_term=.ifKpJOYq7#.xplpyEvGK\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Women\u2019s Ideal Body Types Throughout History<\/a>.\u201d)<\/p>\n<p><iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Xrp0zJZu0a4?rel=0\" width=\"620\" height=\"349\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><strong>RELATED: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=CRiv2lgaX_U\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Powerful Commercial Meant to Stop Body Shaming<\/a><\/p>\n<h3><strong>The Step Aerobics Years <\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Even if you didn\u2019t own your very own pair of leg warmers, you probably remember Aerobics Queen Jane Fonda, who helped popularize fitness for women (and this mean <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=deKHYCsjseg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fire hydrant<\/a> maneuver) in the early eighties. But the craze that led to millions of Americans jumping around in their living rooms in Easter egg-colored leotards focused predominantly on cardio and weight loss.<\/p>\n<p>It wasn\u2019t until 1991 when actress Linda Hamilton swung a Colt Commando semi-automatic weapon over her chiseled shoulder in <em>Terminator 2,<\/em> that the world recognized a little more muscle could be mainstream\u00a0hot.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cI remember how shocked everyone was,\u201d says Lin. \u201cIt was the first time a woman\u2019s muscles were presented as something attractive and didn\u2019t make her look grotesque.\u201d Still, women weren\u2019t encouraged to be <em>too <\/em>active. Supermodels, such as Cindy Crawford and Christie Brinkley, of the eighties and nineties were praised for being thin, rather than toned.<\/p>\n<p><strong>RELATED: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/dailyburn.com\/life\/fitness\/strength-training-for-women-neglected-muscles\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The 3 Muscle Groups Women Neglect Most<\/a><\/p>\n<h3><strong>The Changing Meaning of a \u2018Bikini Body\u2019<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Although it seems as if we\u2019ve been fawning over Madonna\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nydailynews.com\/entertainment\/gossip\/madonna-biceps-retrospective-gallery-1.77176\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">sinewy biceps<\/a> since she got pumped for her \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.gettyimages.com\/photos\/madonna-blond-ambition?sort=mostpopular&amp;excludenudity=true&amp;mediatype=photography&amp;phrase=madonna%20blond%20ambition\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Blonde Ambition<\/a>\u201d tour in 1990, it was the aughts that really brought athletic arms to the pages of celebrity magazines. If you missed\u00a0paparazzi pics of actress Jessica Biel emerging from the ocean,\u00a0you might not have realized the chatter about her buff bikini bod signified a cultural shift. \u201cEveryone was always talking about how toned and fit she was,\u201d says Lin. \u201cThat\u2019s something people didn\u2019t talk about before, and now it\u2019s common in the media.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/p\/BIBRMG1j939\/<\/p>\n<p>It\u00a0was around the same time that San Diego-based personal trainer Jessica Matthews began to notice some of her female clients were asking for more <a href=\"https:\/\/dailyburn.com\/life\/fitness\/arm-workout-bodyweight-exercises\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">defined arm muscles<\/a>. \u201cInitially, they wanted a more sleek, sculpted look \u2014 what many people at the time were associating with yoga or <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/dailyburn.com\/life\/fitness\/core-moves-beginner-pilates-workout\/\"   title=\"Pilates\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"224\">Pilates<\/a>,\u201d says Matthews, senior advisor for heath and fitness education for the American Council on Exercise.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWomen are working with <a href=\"https:\/\/dailyburn.com\/life\/fitness\/bodypump-strength-training-exercises\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">barbells<\/a> and doing <a href=\"https:\/\/dailyburn.com\/life\/fitness\/beginner-crossfit-workouts\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pull-ups<\/a> now, and posting fitness inspiration photos on social media. We\u2019re seeing a celebration of women\u2019s strength as feminine. People now talk about being fit and toned instead of skinny. That\u2019s a big shift.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>RELATED: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/dailyburn.com\/life\/fitness\/reasons-women-should-strength-train-infographic\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">30 Reasons Women Should Strength Train [Infographic]<\/a><\/p>\n<h3><strong>Where Biology Comes In<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Historically, women\u2019s toned arms weren\u2019t considered attractive (that is, until recently) because they didn\u2019t offer any biological benefit, explains David Bainbridge, PhD, reproductive biologist from Cambridge University and author of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Curvology-Origins-Power-Female-Shape\/dp\/1846275504\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Curvology: The Origins and Power of Female Body Shape<\/a>. In other words, unlike fleshy baby-making hips and bellies, which signal women&#8217;s\u00a0fat reserves available to fuel breast-feeding, arm heft wasn\u2019t important in an evolutionary sense.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIt was more important that limbs be straight,\u201d says Bainbridge. \u201cUntil 100 years ago, a lot of people had bent limbs from malnutrition and inbreeding.\u201d And despite our brief obsession with shoulder pads in the eighties, studies show that big shoulders generally don\u2019t lure in the opposite sex, either. \u201cPerhaps they were part of the feminist journey and were a visual display of strength,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n<p>But now, the arm obsession could be as simple as this: \u201cArm tone is seen as a symbol of youth and vitality,\u201d says Lin.<\/p>\n<p><strong>RELATED: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/dailyburn.com\/life\/health\/waist-training-weight-loss-corset\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Truth About the New Waist Training Trend<\/a><\/p>\n<h3><strong>Armed and\u2026Empowering?<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>Although many see the shift in focus from \u201cskinny\u201d to \u201cstrong\u201d as an advance for women, Lin worries we may be trading one standard of beauty for another. \u201cThe culture is defining what\u2019s attractive, and it\u2019s not more accepting,\u201d says Lin. \u201cNow women can feel bad if they don\u2019t have the right muscle tone.\u201d According to the new standard, thin women with flabby arms will be viewed as less desirable than thin women with toned arms, she says.<\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/p\/_RpoSCsTBO\/<\/p>\n<p>As for women sporting mega muscles, such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.espn.com\/espnw\/news-commentary\/article\/14377269\/the-power-serena-williams-sports-illustrated-cover\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Serena Williams<\/a>? Society has been slow to come around. But the tennis star hasn\u2019t shied away from celebrating her body \u2014 most notably on the cover of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.si.com\/sportsperson\/2015\/12\/14\/serena-williams-si-sportsperson-year\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sports Illustrated<\/a> wearing a black lace bodysuit and black pumps. (Named 2015 Sportsperson of the Year, the honor hadn\u2019t been bestowed on a solo woman since 1983 track and field athlete Mary Decker.) &#8220;The cover was Serena&#8217;s idea, to express her own ideal of femininity, strength and power,\u201d the editors wrote.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cShe\u2019s a strong, powerful and beautiful woman who\u00a0some see as\u00a0more masculine than feminine. People aren\u2019t quite comfortable with that yet,\u201d says Lin. \u201cSo if we\u2019re being just as narrow-minded in thinking what\u2019s beautiful, we\u2019re not empowering women and allowing them to feel ownership of their bodies, regardless of their shape and size.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>RELATED: <\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/dailyburn.com\/life\/health\/body-image-power-of-exercise\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Surprising Ways Exercise Can Help You Embrace Your Body<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Yet the toned-up arm trend goes beyond cultivating the right bicep contour as a fashion accessory. It\u2019s more of an internal shift that changes the way women view themselves \u2014 never mind feeling proud of being able to hoist a suitcase into the airplane overhead luggage space.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIf women think they look good, they feel better about themselves,\u201d says Bainbridge. Now <em>that\u2019s<\/em> feeling attractive and powerful.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sculpted arms haven\u2019t always been part of the modern-day beauty ideal. Here, a look back at the evolving definition of femininity and strength. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":46,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"","_seopress_titles_title":"","_seopress_titles_desc":"","_seopress_robots_index":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[24,6,14],"tags":[134,281,341,361,324],"class_list":["post-52582","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-exercise","category-fitness","category-strength-training","tag-body-image","tag-strength-training","tag-tax1living-well","tag-tax2fitness-trends","tag-women"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dailyburn.com\/life\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/52582","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dailyburn.com\/life\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dailyburn.com\/life\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dailyburn.com\/life\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/46"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dailyburn.com\/life\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=52582"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/dailyburn.com\/life\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/52582\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dailyburn.com\/life\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=52582"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dailyburn.com\/life\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=52582"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dailyburn.com\/life\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=52582"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}